Squid
| Squid Fossil range: (at least) Late Cretaceous–Recent1 |
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| Bigfin Reef Squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Superorder: | Decapodiformes |
| Order: | Teuthida A. Naef, 1916 |
| Suborders | |
Squid are marine cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises about 300 species. Like all added cephalopods, squid accept a audible head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, accept eight arms abiding in pairs and two best tentacles. (The alone accepted barring is the bigfin squid group, which accept ten actual long, attenuate accoutrements of according length.) Squid are able swimmers and assertive breed can 'fly' for abbreviate distances out of the water.2
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Modification from affiliated forms
Squid accept differentiated from their affiliated molluscs such that the physique plan has been abridged antero-posteriorly and continued dorso-ventrally. What afore may accept been the foot of the antecedent is adapted into a circuitous set of tentacles and awful developed faculty organs, including avant-garde eyes agnate to those of vertebrates.
The affiliated carapace has been lost, with alone an centralized gladius, or pen, remaining. The pen is a feather-shaped centralized analysis that supports the squid's mantle and serves as a website for beef attachment. It is fabricated of a chitin-like substance.
Anatomy
The capital physique accumulation is amid in the mantle, which has a pond fin forth anniversary side. These fins, clashing in added abyssal organisms, are not the capital antecedent of locomotion in a lot of species.
The derma is covered in chromatophores, which accredit the squid to change blush to clothing its surroundings, authoritative it finer invisible. The base is aswell about consistently lighter than the topside, to accommodate camouflage from both casualty and predator.
Under the physique are openings to the crimson cavity, which contains the gills (ctenidia) and openings to the excretory and reproductive systems. At the foreground of the crimson atrium lies the siphon, which the squid uses for locomotion via absolute jet propulsion. In this analysis of locomotion, baptize is sucked into the crimson atrium and expelled out of the carry in a fast, able jet. The administration of the carry can be changed, to clothing the administration of travel.
Inside the crimson cavity, above the siphon, lies the belly mass, which is covered by a thin, bleary epidermis. Under this are all the above centralized organs.
Nervous system
The giant axon, which may be up to 1 mm (0.04 inches) in bore in some beyond species, innervates the crimson and controls allotment of the jet propulsion system.
As cephalopods, squid display almost top intelligence a part of invertebrates. For example, groups of Humboldt squid coursing cooperatively, application alive communication. (See Cephalopod intelligence.)
Reproductive system
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In females the ink sac is hidden from appearance by a brace of white nidamental glands, which lie antecedent to the gills. There are aswell red-spotted accent nidamental glands. Both organs are associated with aliment accomplish and shells for the eggs. Females aswell accept a ample clear-cut ovary, anchored arise the after of the belly mass.
Males do not acquire these organs, but instead accept a ample testis in abode of the ovary, and a spermatophoric gland and sac. In complete males, this sac may accommodate spermatophores, which are placed central the female's crimson during mating.
Shallow baptize breed of the continental shelf and epipelagic/mesopelagic zones are characterised by the attendance of hectocotyli, distinctively adapted accoutrements acclimated to fertilise the female's eggs.3 A lot of abysmal sea squid abridgement hectocotyli and accept best penises; Ancistrocheiridae and Cranchiinae are exceptions.3 Giant squid of the brand Architeuthis are abnormal in that they acquire both a ample penis and adapted arm tips, although it is ambiguous whether the closing are acclimated for spermatophore transfer.3 Penis addendum has been empiric in the abysmal baptize breed Onykia ingens; if erect, the penis may be as continued as the mantle, arch and accoutrements combined.34 As such, abysmal baptize squid accept the greatest accepted penis breadth about to physique admeasurement of all adaptable animals, additional in the absolute beastly commonwealth alone to assertive sessile barnacles.3
Digestive system
Like all cephalopods, squid accept circuitous digestive systems. The able-bodied stomach is begin almost in the mean of the belly mass. From there, the bolus moves into the caecum for digestion. The caecum, a long, white organ, is begin next to the ovary or testis. In complete squid, added antecedence is accustomed to reproduction such that the abdomen and caecum generally burn up during the after activity stages. Finally, aliment goes to the liver (or digestive gland), begin at the carry end, for absorption. Solid decay is anesthetized out of the rectum. Beside the rectum is the ink sac, which allows a squid to rapidly acquittal atramentous ink into the crimson cavity.
Cardiovascular system
Squid accept three hearts. Two brachial hearts augment the gills, anniversary surrounding the beyond systemic affection that pumps claret about the body. Squid claret contains the copper-rich protein hemocyanin for alteration oxygen. The faintly greenish hearts are amidst by the renal sacs - the capital excretory system. The kidneys are difficult to analyze and amplitude from the hearts (located at the after ancillary of the ink sac) to the liver. The systemic affection is fabricated of three chambers, a lower ventricle and two top auricles.
Head
The arch end bears 8 accoutrements and 2 tentacles (species in the bigfin squid accumulation accept 10 identical arms), anniversary a analysis of muscular hydrostat absolute abounding suckers forth the edge. These tentacles do not abound aback if severed. In the complete male, one basal bisected of the larboard belly barb is hectocotylised — and ends in a copulatory pad rather than suckers. It is acclimated for intercourse.
The aperture is able with a aciculate amative bill mainly fabricated of chitin5 and cross-linked proteins, and is acclimated to annihilate and breach casualty into acquiescent pieces. The bill is actual robust, but does not accommodate minerals, clashing the teeth and aperture of abounding added organisms, including abyssal species.6 Captured whales generally accept boxy squid beaks in their stomachs. The aperture contains the radula (the asperous argot accepted to all molluscs except bivalvia and aplacophora).
The eyes, on either ancillary of the head, anniversary accommodate a harder lens. The lens is focused through movement, abundant like the lens of a camera or telescope, rather than alteration appearance as the lens in the human eye does.
Squids arise to accept bound hearing.7
Size
The majority are no added than 60 centimetres (24 in) long, although the giant squid may ability 13 metres (43 ft).8
In 1978, sharp, arced claws on the assimilation cups of squid tentacles cut up the elastic blanket on the bark of the USS Stein. The admeasurement appropriate the better squid accepted at the time.9
In 2003, a ample case of an abundant10 but ailing accepted species, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (the Colossal Squid), was discovered. This breed may abound to 14 metres (46 ft) in length, authoritative it the better invertebrate.11 Squid accept the better eyes in the beastly kingdom. Behemothic squid are featured in abstract and ballad with a alarming connotation. The Kraken is a allegorical tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of absolute behemothic squid.
In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing barge bent a Colossal Squid belief 495 kilograms (1,090 lb) and barometer about 10 metres (33 ft) off the bank of Antarctica.12 This case represents the better cephalopod to anytime be scientifically documented.
Classification
Squid are associates of the chic Cephalopoda, bracket Coleoidea, adjustment Teuthida, of which there are two above suborders, Myopsina and Oegopsina (including giant squids like Architeuthis dux). Teuthida is the better cephalopod adjustment with about 300 classified into 29 families.
The adjustment Teuthida is a affiliate of the superorder Decapodiformes (from the Greek for "ten legs"). Two added orders of decapodiform cephalopods are aswell alleged squid, although they are taxonomically audible from Teuthida and alter acutely in their gross anatomical features. They are the bobtail squid of adjustment Sepiolida and the ram's horn squid of the monotypic adjustment Spirulida. The vampire squid, however, is added carefully accompanying to the octopuses than to any squid.
- CLASS CEPHALOPODA
- Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus
- Subclass Coleoidea: squid, octopus, cuttlefish
- Superorder Octopodiformes
- Superorder Decapodiformes
- ?Order †Boletzkyida
- Order Spirulida: Ram's Horn Squid
- Order Sepiida: cuttlefish
- Order Sepiolida: bobtail squid
- Order Teuthida: squid
- Family †Plesioteuthididae (incertae sedis)
- Suborder Myopsina
- Family Australiteuthidae
- Family Loliginidae: inshore, calamari, and grass squid
- Suborder Oegopsina
- Family Ancistrocheiridae: Sharpear Enope Squid
- Family Architeuthidae: behemothic squid
- Family Bathyteuthidae
- Family Batoteuthidae: Bush-club Squid
- Family Brachioteuthidae
- Family Chiroteuthidae
- Family Chtenopterygidae: comb-finned squid
- Family Cranchiidae: bottle squid
- Family Cycloteuthidae
- Family Enoploteuthidae
- Family Gonatidae: armhook squid
- Family Histioteuthidae: jewel squid
- Family Joubiniteuthidae: Joubin's Squid
- Family Lepidoteuthidae: Grimaldi Scaled Squid
- Family Lycoteuthidae
- Family Magnapinnidae: bigfin squid
- Family Mastigoteuthidae: whip-lash squid
- Family Neoteuthidae
- Family Octopoteuthidae
- Family Ommastrephidae: aerial squid
- Family Onychoteuthidae: absorbed squid
- Family Pholidoteuthidae
- Family Promachoteuthidae
- Family Psychroteuthidae: Glacial Squid
- Family Pyroteuthidae: blaze squid
- Family Thysanoteuthidae: rhomboid squid
- Family Walvisteuthidae
- Parateuthis tunicata (incertae sedis)
Commercial fishing
According to the FAO, the cephalopod bolt for 2002 was 3,173,272 tonnes (6.995867×109 lb). Of this, 2,189,206 tonnes, or 75.8 percent, was squid.13 The afterward table lists the squid breed fishery catches which exceeded 10,000 tonnes (22,000,000 lb) in 2002.
| World squid bolt in 200213 | ||||
| Species | Family | Common name | Catch tonnes |
Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loligo gahi | Loliginidae | Patagonian squid | 24,976 | 1.1 |
| Loligo pealei | Loliginidae | Longfin squid | 16,684 | 0.8 |
| Common squids nei14 | Loliginidae | 225,958 | 10.3 | |
| Ommastrephes bartrami | Ommastrephidae | Neon aerial squid | 22,483 | 1.0 |
| Illex argentinus | Ommastrephidae | Argentine shortfin squid | 511,087 | 23.3 |
| Dosidicus gigas | Ommastrephidae | Jumbo aerial squid | 406,356 | 18.6 |
| Todarodes pacificus | Ommastrephidae | Japanese aerial squid | 504,438 | 23.0 |
| Nototoda russloani | Ommastrephidae | Wellington Aerial Squid | 62,234 | 2.8 |
| Squids nei14 | Various | 414,990 | 18.6 | |
| Total squid | 2,189,206 | 100.0 | ||
As food
Many breed are accepted as aliment in cuisines as assorted as Chinese, Greek, Turkish, Japanese, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Indian, and Filipino.
In English-speaking countries, squid as aliment is generally marketed application the Italian chat calamari.
Squid are begin abundantly in assertive areas, and accommodate ample catches for fisheries.
The physique can be blimp whole, cut into collapsed pieces or broken into rings. The arms, tentacles and ink are aswell edible; in fact, the alone locations that are not eaten are the beak and gladius (pen).
Squid is a acceptable aliment antecedent for zinc, manganese and top in the recommended circadian intake of copper,15 selenium, vitamin B12, and riboflavin.16
See also
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Book:Cephalopoda |
| Books are collections of online writing that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
References
- ^ Tanabe, K.; Hikida, Y.; Iba, Y. (2006). "Two Coleoid Aperture from the Top Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of Paleontology 80 (1): 138–145. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0138:TCJFTU]2.0.CO;2
- ^ Jabr, F. 2010. Fact or Fiction: Can a Squid Fly Out of the Water? Scientific American, August 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Arkhipkin, A.I. & V.V. Laptikhovsky 2010. Observation of penis addendum in Onykia ingens: implications for spermatophore alteration in deep-water squid. Journal Molluscan Studies, appear online on June 30, 2010. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq019
- ^ Walker, M. 2010. Super squid sex agency discovered. BBC Earth News, July 7, 2010.
- ^ Clarke, M.R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-857603-X.
- ^ Miserez, A; Li, Y; Waite, H; Zok, F (2007). "Jumbo squid beaks: Inspiration for architecture of able-bodied amoebic composites". Acta Biomaterialia 3: 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.004.
- ^ Matt Walker (15 June 2009). "The cephalopods can apprehend you". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8095000/8095977.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ O'Shea, S. (2003.). "Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Actuality Sheet". The Octopus News Magazine Online.. http://www.tonmo.com/science/public/giantsquidfacts.php.
- ^ Johnson, C. Scott "Sea Creatures and the Problem of Equipment Damage" United States Naval Institute Proceedings August 1978 pp.106-107
- ^ Xavier, J.C., P.G. Rodhouse, P.N. Trathan & A.G. Wood 1999. A Geographical Information Arrangement (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod administration in the Southern Ocean.PDF Antarctic Science 11:61-62. online version
- ^ Anderton, H.J. (2007.). "Amazing case of world's better squid in NZ". New Zealand Government website. http://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=28451.
- ^ "Microwave plan for colossal squid". BBC News. March 22, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6478801.stm.
- ^ a b Rodhouse, Paul G (2005). "Review of the accompaniment of apple abyssal fishery resources: Fisheries abstruse paper". World squid resources (FAO) (447). ISBN 95-5-105267-0. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y5852e/Y5852E08.htm#ch3.2.
- ^ a b nei: not abroad included
- ^ http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/seafood/squid/detail/dc_pi_sf_squid_0204.htm
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/species/market_squid.htm
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media accompanying to: Squid |
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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
- CephBase: Teuthida
- Colossal Squid at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
- Market squid mating, laying eggs (video)
- Scientific American - Behemothic Squid
- The Cephalopod Page
- The Octopus News Magazine Online
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