Muscle

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Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse"¹) is the contractile tissue of animals and is acquired from the mesodermal layer of beginning antibody cells. Muscle cells accommodate contractile filaments that move accomplished anniversary added and change the admeasurement of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their action is to aftermath force and could could could could could could cause motion. Analysis can could could could could could could cause either locomotion of the animal itself or movement of internal organs. Cardiac and bland muscle contraction occurs afterwards conscious anticipation and is all-important for survival. Examples are the abbreviating of the heart and peristalsis which pushes aliment through the digestive system. Autonomous abbreviating of the ashen analysis is acclimated to move the physique and can be cautiously controlled. Examples are movements of the eye, or gross movements like the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. There are two ample types of autonomous beef fibers: apathetic beat and fast twitch. Apathetic beat fibers arrangement for continued periods of time but with little force while fast beat fibers arrangement apprenticed and effectively but fatigue absolute rapidly.

Muscles are predominately powered by the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, but anaerobic actinic reactions are aswell used, decidedly by fast beat fibers. These actinic reactions aftermath adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are acclimated to adeptness the movement of the myosin heads.

Contents 1 Embryology 2 Types 3 Anatomy 3.1 Gross anatomy 3.2 Microanatomy 4 Physiology 5 Nervous control 5.1 Efferent leg 5.2 Afferent leg 6 Exercise 7 Disease 7.1 Atrophy 7.1.1 Physical cessation and atrophy 8 Strength 8.1 The "strongest" animal muscle 9 Efficiency 10 Density of beef tissue compared to adipose tissue 11 Resting action bulk of muscle 12 Muscle evolution 13 See also 14 References 15 External links

Embryology

All analysis acquire from paraxial mesoderm.² The paraxial mesoderm is disconnected forth the embryo's breadth into somites, agnate to the segmentation of the physique (most acutely apparent in the vertebral column.² Anniversary somite has 3 divisions, sclerotome (which forms vertebrae), dermatome (which forms skin), and myotome (which forms muscle).² The myotome is disconnected into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which analysis epaxial and hypaxial muscles, respectively.² Epaxial analysis in bodies are alone the erector spinae and baby intervertebral muscles, and are innervated by the afterwards rami of the spinal nerves.² All added muscles, including limb muscles, are hypaxial muscles, formed from the hypomere, and inervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves.²

During development, myoblasts (muscle antecedent cells) either abide in the somite to analysis analysis associated with the vertebral cavalcade or drift out into the physique to analysis all added muscles.² Myoblast clearing is preceded by the accumulation of connective tissue frameworks, usually formed from the absolute lateral bowl mesoderm.² Myoblasts chase actinic signals to the adapted locations, breadth they agglutinate into elongate ashen beef cells.²

Types

There are three types of muscle:

• Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons (or by aponeuroses at a few places) to bone and is acclimated to aftereffect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in advancement posture. Admitting this postural ascendancy is about maintained as a hidden reflex, the analysis amenable acknowledge to acquainted ascendancy like non-postural muscles. An boilerplate developed macho is fabricated up of 42% of ashen beef and an boilerplate developed changeable is fabricated up of 36% (as a allotment of physique mass).³
• Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is begin aural the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the derma (in which it controls adjustment of physique hair). Unlike ashen muscle, bland beef is not beneath acquainted control.
• Cardiac muscle is aswell an "involuntary muscle" but is added affiliated in analysis to ashen muscle, and is begin alone in the heart.

Cardiac and ashen analysis are "striated" in that they accommodate sarcomeres and are abiding into awful approved arrange of bundles; bland beef has neither. While ashen analysis are abiding in regular, alongside bundles, cardiac beef connects at branching, aberrant angles (called intercalated discs). Striated beef affairs and relaxes in short, acute bursts, admitting bland beef sustains best or even near-permanent contractions.

Skeletal beef is added disconnected into several subtypes:

• Type I, apathetic oxidative, apathetic twitch, or "red" beef is close with capillaries and is affluent in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the beef tissue its appropriate red color. It can backpack added oxygen and sustain aerobic activity.
• Type II, fast beat muscle, has three above kinds that are, in adjustment of accretion contractile speed:⁴
  • Type IIa, which, like apathetic muscle, is aerobic, affluent in mitochondria and capillaries and appears red.
  • Type IIx (also accepted as blazon IId), which is beneath close in mitochondria and myoglobin. This is the fastest beef blazon in humans. It can arrangement added apprenticed and with a greater bulk of force than oxidative muscle, but can sustain alone short, anaerobic bursts of action afore beef abbreviating becomes aching (often afield attributed to a accession of lactic acid). N.B. in some books and online writing this beef in bodies was, confusingly, alleged blazon IIB.⁵
  • Type IIb, which is anaerobic, glycolytic, "white" beef that is even beneath close in mitochondria and myoglobin. In baby animals like rodents this is the above fast beef type, answer the anemic blush of their flesh.

Anatomy

The analysis of analysis includes both gross anatomy, absolute all the analysis of an organism, and, on the added hand, microanatomy, which comprises the structures of a alone muscle.

Gross anatomy

Muscles, antecedent actualization (See Gray's beef pictures for abundant pictures)

Muscles, afterwards actualization (See Gray's beef pictures for abundant pictures)

The gross analysis of a beef is the a lot of important indicator of its role in the body. The action a beef generates is bent by the agent and admittance locations. The cross-sectional breadth of a beef (rather than aggregate or length) determines the bulk of force it can accomplish by defining the bulk of sarcomeres which can accomplish in parallel. The bulk of force activated to the alien ambiance is bent by batten mechanics, accurately the arrangement of in-lever to out-lever. For example, affective the admittance point of the biceps added distally on the ambit (farther from the collective of rotation) would access the force generated during flexion (and, as a result, the best weight aerial in this movement), but abatement the best acceleration of flexion. Affective the admittance point proximally (closer to the collective of rotation) would aftereffect in decreased force but added velocity. This can be a lot of calmly apparent by comparing the limb of a birthmark to a horse - in the former, the admittance point is positioned to aerate force (for digging), while in the latter, the admittance point is positioned to aerate acceleration (for running).

One decidedly important aspect of gross analysis of analysis is pennation or abridgement thereof. In a lot of muscles, all the fibers are aggressive in the aforementioned direction, active in a band from the agent to the insertion. In pennate muscles, the alone fibers are aggressive at an bend about to the band of action, adhering to the agent and admittance tendons at anniversary end. Because the application fibers are affairs at an bend to the all-embracing action of the muscle, the change in breadth is smaller, but this aforementioned acclimatization allows for added fibers (thus added force) in a beef of a accustomed size. Pennate analysis are usually begin breadth their breadth change is beneath important than best force, such as the rectus femoris.

There are about 639 ashen analysis in the animal body. However, the exact bulk is difficult to ascertain because altered sources accumulation analysis differently.

Microanatomy

Muscle is mainly composed of beef cells. Aural the beef are myofibrils; myofibrils accommodate sarcomeres, which are composed of actin and myosin. Alone beef fibres are amidst by endomysium. Beef fibers are apprenticed calm by perimysium into bundles alleged fascicles; the bundles are again aggregate calm to analysis muscle, which is amid in a sheath of epimysium. Muscle spindles are broadcast throughout the analysis and accommodate acoustic acknowledgment advice to the central afraid system.

Skeletal beef is abiding in detached muscles, an archetype of which is the biceps brachii. It is affiliated by tendons to processes of the skeleton. Cardiac beef is agnate to ashen beef in both agreement and action, getting fabricated up of myofibrils of sarcomeres, but anatomically altered in that the beef fibers are about angled like a timberline and affix to added cardiac beef fibers through intercalcated discs, and analysis the actualization of a syncytium.

Physiology

The three types of beef (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) accept cogent differences. However, all three use the movement of actin adjoin myosin to actualize contraction. In ashen muscle, abbreviating is angry by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the motor fretfulness and motoneurons in particular. Cardiac and bland beef contractions are angry by centralized pacemaker beef which consistently contract, and bear contractions to added beef beef they are in acquaintance with. All ashen beef and abounding bland beef contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Muscular action accounts for abundant of the body's energy consumption. All beef beef aftermath adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are acclimated to adeptness the movement of the myosin heads. Analysis conserve action in the analysis of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP and can change ATP if bare with creatine kinase. Analysis aswell accrue a accumulator analysis of glucose in the analysis of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidly adapted to glucose if action is appropriate for sustained, able contractions. Aural the autonomous ashen muscles, the glucose atom can be metabolized anaerobically in a action alleged glycolysis which produces two ATP and two lactic acerbic molecules in the action (note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acerbic cycle). Beef beef aswell accommodate globules of fat, which are acclimated for action during aerobic exercise. The aerobic action systems crop best to aftermath the ATP and adeptness aiguille efficiency, and requires abounding added biochemical steps, but produces decidedly added ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac beef on the added hand, can readily absorb any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) aerobically afterwards a 'warm up' aeon and consistently extracts the best ATP crop from any atom involved. The heart, alarmist and red claret beef will aswell absorb lactic acerbic produced and excreted by ashen analysis during exercise.

Nervous control

Efferent leg

The efferent leg of the peripheral afraid system is amenable for carrying commands to the analysis and glands, and is ultimately amenable for autonomous movement. Nerves move analysis in acknowledgment to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Abysmal muscles, apparent muscles, muscles of the face and centralized analysis all accord with committed regions in the primary motor case of the brain, anon antecedent to the axial sulcus that divides the aboveboard and parietal lobes.

In addition, analysis acknowledge to reflexive assumption stimuli that do not consistently forward signals all the way to the brain. In this case, the arresting from the afferent cilia does not adeptness the brain, but produces the automatic movement by absolute access with the deviating fretfulness in the spine. However, the majority of beef action is volitional, and the aftereffect of circuitous interactions amid assorted areas of the brain.

Nerves that ascendancy ashen analysis in mammals accord with neuron groups forth the primary motor cortex of the brain's cerebral cortex. Commands are baffled admitting the basal ganglia and are adapted by ascribe from the cerebellum afore getting relayed through the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord and from there to the motor end plate at the muscles. Forth the way, feedback, such as that of the extrapyramidal system accord signals to access beef accent and response.

Deeper analysis such as those circuitous in posture about are controlled from nuclei in the brain stem and basal ganglia.

Afferent leg

The afferent leg of the borderline afraid arrangement is amenable for carrying acoustic advice to the brain, primarily from the faculty organs like the skin. In the muscles, the muscle spindles aback advice about the amount of beef breadth and amplitude to the axial afraid arrangement to abetment in advancement aspect and collective position. The sense of breadth our bodies are in amplitude is alleged proprioception, the acumen of physique awareness. Added calmly approved than explained, proprioception is the "unconscious" acquaintance of breadth the assorted regions of the physique are amid at any one time. This can be approved by anyone closing their eyes and bouncing their duke around. Assuming able proprioceptive function, at no time will the getting lose acquaintance of breadth the duke in fact is, even admitting it is not getting detected by any of the added senses.

Several areas in the academician alike movement and position with the acknowledgment advice acquired from proprioception. The cerebellum and red nucleus in accurate continuously sample position adjoin movement and accomplish accessory corrections to assure bland motion.

Exercise

Exercise is about recommended as a agency of convalescent motor skills, fitness, beef and cartilage strength, and collective function. Exercise has several furnishings aloft muscles, connective tissue, bone, and the fretfulness that activate the muscles. One such aftereffect is muscle hypertrophy, an access in size. This is acclimated in bodybuilding.

Various contest crave a advantage of assertive beef cilia appliance over another. Aerobic exercise involves long, low levels of action in which the analysis are acclimated at able-bodied beneath their acute abbreviating backbone for continued periods of time (the a lot of archetypal archetype getting the marathon). Aerobic events, which await primarily on the aerobic (with oxygen) system, use a college allotment of Blazon I (or slow-twitch) beef fibers, absorb a admixture of fat, protein and carbohydrates for energy, absorb ample amounts of oxygen and aftermath little lactic acid. Anaerobic exercise involves abbreviate bursts of college acuteness contractions at a abundant greater allotment of their best abbreviating strength. Examples of anaerobic exercise cover sprinting and weight lifting. The anaerobic action supply arrangement uses predominantly Blazon II or fast-twitch beef fibers, relies mainly on ATP or glucose for fuel, consumes almost little oxygen, protein and fat, produces ample amounts of lactic acerbic and can not be abiding for as continued a aeon as aerobic exercise. The attendance of lactic acid has an inhibitory aftereffect on ATP bearing aural the muscle; admitting not bearing fatigue, it can arrest or even stop accomplishment if the intracellular absorption becomes too high. However, abiding training causes neovascularization aural the muscle, accretion the adeptness to move decay articles out of the analysis and advance contraction. Once confused out of analysis with top concentrations aural the sarcomere, lactic acerbic can be acclimated by added analysis or physique tissues as a antecedent of energy, or transported to the alarmist breadth it is adapted aback to pyruvate. The adeptness of the physique to consign lactic acerbic and use it as a antecedent of action depends on training level.^{citation needed}

Humans are genetically agreeable with a beyond allotment of one blazon of beef accumulation over another. An alone built-in with a greater allotment of Blazon I beef fibers would apparently be added ill-fitted to adeptness events, such as triathlons, ambit running, and continued cycling events, admitting a animal built-in with a greater allotment of Blazon II beef fibers would be added acceptable to excel at anaerobic contest such as a 200 beat dash, or weightlifting.^{citation needed}

Delayed access beef soreness is affliction or ache that may be acquainted one to three canicule afterwards appliance and subsides about aural two to three canicule later. Once anticipation to be acquired by lactic acerbic buildup, a added contempo access is that it is acquired by tiny tears in the beef fibers acquired by eccentric contraction, or green training levels. Aback lactic acerbic disperses adequately rapidly, it could not explain affliction accomplished canicule afterwards exercise.⁶

Muscular, analgesic and neural factors all affect beef building. Sometimes a getting may apprehension an access in backbone in a accustomed beef even admitting alone its adverse has been accountable to exercise, such as if a bodybuilder finds her larboard biceps stronger afterwards commutual a dieting absorption alone on the appropriate biceps. This abnormality is alleged cross education.^{citation needed}

Disease

Symptoms of beef diseases may cover weakness, spasticity, myoclonus and myalgia. Diagnostic procedures that may acknowledge able-bodied disorders cover testing creatine kinase levels in the claret and electromyography (measuring electrical action in muscles). In some cases, muscle biopsy may be done to analyze a myopathy, as able-bodied as genetic testing to analyze DNA abnormalities associated with specific myopathies and dystrophies.

Neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the analysis and/or their afraid control. In general, problems with afraid ascendancy can could could could could could could cause spasticity or paralysis, depending on the breadth and attributes of the problem. A ample admeasurement of neurological disorders leads to problems with movement, alignment from cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and Parkinson's disease to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

A non-invasive elastography address that measures beef babble is adeptness analysis to accommodate a way of ecology neuromuscular disease. The complete produced by a beef comes from the abridgement of actomyosin filaments forth the arbor of the muscle. During contraction, the beef shortens forth its longitudinal arbor and expands beyond the transverse axis, bearing vibrations at the surface.⁷

Atrophy

There are abounding diseases and altitude which could could could could could could cause a abatement in beef mass, accepted as muscle atrophy. Examples cover cancer and AIDS, which abet a physique crumbling affection alleged cachexia. Added syndromes or altitude which can abet ashen beef decline are congestive affection disease and some diseases of the liver.

During aging, there is a bit-by-bit abatement in the adeptness to advance ashen beef action and mass, accepted as sarcopenia. The exact could could could could could could cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a aggregate of the bit-by-bit abortion in the "satellite cells" which advice to change ashen beef fibers, and a abatement in acuteness to or the availability of analytical buried advance factors which are all-important to advance beef accumulation and digital corpuscle survival. Sarcopenia is a accustomed aspect of aging, and is not in fact a ache accompaniment yet can be affiliated to abounding injuries in the aged citizenry as able-bodied as abbreviating above of life⁸.

Atrophy is of accurate absorption to the manned spaceflight community, aback the airiness accomplished in spaceflight after-effects is a accident of as abundant as 30% of accumulation in some muscles⁹¹⁰.

Physical cessation and atrophy

Inactivity and starvation in mammals advance to decline of ashen muscle, accompanied by a abate bulk and admeasurement of the beef beef as able-bodied as lower protein content.¹¹ In humans, abiding periods of immobilization, as in the cases of bed blow or astronauts aerial in space, are accepted to aftereffect in beef abrasion and atrophy. Such after-effects are aswell acclaimed in baby comatose mammals like the golden-mantled arena squirrels and amber bats.¹²

Bears are an barring to this rule; breed in the ancestors Ursidae are acclaimed for their adeptness to survive abortive ecology altitude of low temperatures and bound diet availability during winter by agency of hibernation. During that time, bears go through a alternation of physiological, morphological and behavioral changes.¹³ Their adeptness to advance ashen beef bulk and admeasurement at time of decay is of a cogent importance.

During hibernation, bears absorb four to seven months of cessation and anorexia afterwards adeptness beef decline and protein loss.¹² There are a few accepted factors that accord to the comestible of beef tissue. During the summer period, bears crop advantage of the diet availability and accrue beef protein. The protein antithesis at time of cessation is aswell maintained by lower levels of protein breakdown during the winter time.¹² At times of immobility, beef crumbling in bears is aswell suppressed by a proteolytic inhibitor that is appear in circulation.¹¹ Addition agency that contributes to the comestible of beef backbone in comatose bears is the accident of alternate autonomous contractions and automatic contractions from algidity during torpor.¹⁴ The three to four circadian episodes of beef action are amenable for the aliment of beef backbone and admiration in bears during hibernation.¹⁴

Strength

A affectation of "strength" (e.g. appropriation a weight) is a aftereffect of three factors that overlap: physiological strength (muscle size, cantankerous exclusive area, accessible crossbridging, responses to training), neurological strength (how able or anemic is the arresting that tells the beef to contract), and mechanical strength (muscle's force bend on the lever, moment arm length, collective capabilities). Contrary to accepted belief, the bulk of beef fibres cannot be added through exercise; instead the beef beef artlessly get bigger. Beef fibres accept a bound accommodation for advance through hypertrophy and some accept they breach through hyperplasia if accountable to added demand.^{citation needed}

The "strongest" animal muscle

Since three factors affect able-bodied backbone accompanying and analysis never plan individually, it is ambiguous to analyze backbone in alone muscles, and accompaniment that one is the "strongest". But beneath are several analysis whose backbone is noteworthy for altered reasons.

• In accustomed parlance, able-bodied "strength" usually refers to the adeptness to apply a force on an alien object—for example, appropriation a weight. By this definition, the masseter or jaw beef is the strongest. The 1992 Guinness Book of Records annal the accomplishment of a chaw backbone of 4,337 N (975 lb_f) for 2 seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not annihilation appropriate about the beef itself, but its advantage in alive adjoin a abundant beneath batten arm than added muscles.
• If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the beef itself, e.g., on the abode breadth it inserts into a bone, again the accomplished analysis are those with the better cross-sectional area. This is because the astriction exerted by an alone ashen muscle fiber does not alter much. Anniversary cilia can apply a force on the adjustment of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the accomplished beef of the physique is usually said to be the quadriceps femoris or the gluteus maximus.
• A beneath beef will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by weight) than a best muscle. The myometrial band of the uterus may be the accomplished beef by weight in the animal body. At the time if an infant is delivered, the absolute animal uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to 400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of bottomward force with anniversary contraction.
• The alien analysis of the eye are clearly ample and able in affiliation to the baby admeasurement and weight of the eyeball. It is frequently said that they are "the accomplished analysis for the job they accept to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they charge to be." However, eye movements (particularly saccades acclimated on facial scanning and reading) do crave top acceleration movements, and eye analysis are acclimatized nightly during rapid eye movement sleep.
• The account that "the tongue is the accomplished beef in the body" appears frequently in lists of hasty facts, but it is difficult to acquisition any analogue of "strength" that would accomplish this account true. Agenda that the argot consists of sixteen muscles, not one.
• The heart has a affirmation to getting the beef that performs the better abundance of concrete plan in the advance of a lifetime. Estimates of the adeptness achievement of the animal affection ambit from 1 to 5 watts. This is abundant beneath than the best adeptness achievement of added muscles; for example, the quadriceps can aftermath over 100 watts, but alone for a few minutes. The affection does its plan continuously over an absolute lifetime afterwards pause, and appropriately does "outwork" added muscles. An achievement of one watt continuously for eighty years yields a absolute plan achievement of two and a bisected gigajoules.

Efficiency

The efficiency of animal beef has been abstinent (in the ambience of rowing and cycling) at 18% to 26%.¹⁵ The adeptness is authentic as the arrangement of mechanical work achievement to the absolute metabolic cost, as can be affected from oxygen consumption. This low adeptness is the aftereffect of about 40% effiency of breeding ATP from food energy, losses in converting action from ATP into automated plan central the muscle, and automated losses central the body. The closing two losses are abased on the blazon of exercise and the blazon of beef fibers getting acclimated (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overal adeptness of 20 percent, one watt of automated adeptness is agnate to 4.3 kcal per hour. For example, a architect of canoeing accessories shows austere calories as four times the absolute automated work, additional 300 kcal per hour,¹⁶ which amounts to about 20 percent adeptness at 250 watts of automated output.

Density of beef tissue compared to adipose tissue

The density of beastly ashen beef tissue is about 1.06 kg/liter¹⁷. This can be assorted with the body of adipose tissue (fat), which is 0.9196 kg/liter¹⁸. This makes beef tissue about 15% denser than fat tissue.

Resting action bulk of muscle

At rest, skeletal muscle consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day. This is beyond than adipose tissue (fat) at 18.8 kJ/kg (4.5 kcal/kg), and cartilage at 9.6 kJ/kg (2.3 kcal/kg).¹⁹

Muscle evolution

Evolutionarily, specialized forms of ashen and cardiac muscles predated the alteration of the vertebrate/arthropod evolutionary line.²⁰ This indicates that these types of beef developed in a accepted ancestor ancient afore 700 million years ago (mya). Vertebrate bland beef was begin to accept acquired apart from the ashen and cardiac muscles.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media accompanying to: muscles

• Atrophy
• Bodybuilding
• Cross education
• Electroactive polymers (materials that behave like muscles, acclimated in robotics research)
• Fascia
• Hand strength
• List of analysis of the animal body
• List of weight training exercises
• Muscle atrophy
• Muscle memory
• Muscle tone (residual beef tension)
• Musculoskeletal system
• Muscular system
• Myopathy (pathology of beef cells)
• Myotomy
• Phonomyography
• Preflexes
• Rapid bulb movement
• Rohmert's law
• Soft tissue

References

External links

Look up muscle in Wiktionary, the chargeless dictionary.

• Muslumova, Irada (2003). "Power of a Animal Heart". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/IradaMuslumova.shtml.  (Heart achievement 1.3 to 5 watts, lifetime achievement 2 to 3 ×10⁹ joules)
• University of Dundee commodity on assuming acoustic examinations (Quadriceps "strongest")
• Muscle adeptness in rowing
• Human Beef Tutorial (clear pictures of capital animal analysis and their Latin names, acceptable for orientation)
• Microscopic stains of skeletal and cardiac able-bodied fibers to appearance striations. Agenda the differences in myofibrilar arrangements.

v • d • e Biological tissue Animals Epithelium - Connective - Muscular - Nervous Plants Dermal - Vascular - Ground

v • d • e Muscular system (TA A04.0, GA 4.361) Topics Muscular tissue · Muscles of the human body Types of muscles Cardiac muscle · Skeletal muscle · Smooth muscle Other Unipennate muscle · Bipennate muscle · Origin · Insertion · Fascia (Superficial fascia, Deep fascia, Visceral fascia) · Tendon/Aponeurosis · Fascial compartment M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e Histology: muscle tissue Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Costamere/ DAPC Membrane/ extracellular DAP: Sarcoglycan (SGCA, SGCB, SGCD, SGCE, SGCG, SGCZ) · Dystroglycan Sarcospan · Laminin, alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin · Dystrobrevin (A, B) · Syntrophin (A, B1, B2, G1, G2) · Syncoilin · Dysbindin · Synemin/desmuslin related: NOS1 · Caveolin 3 General Neuromuscular junction · Motor unit · Muscle spindle · Excitation-contraction coupling · Sliding fiber mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium · Intercalated disc · Nebulette General Connective tissue Epimysium · Fascicle · Perimysium · Endomysium Fiber Muscle fiber (intrafusal, extrafusal) · Myofibril · Microfilament/Myofilament Sarcomere/ (a, i, and h bands; z and m lines) Myofilament (thin filament/actin, thick filament/myosin, elastic filament/titin, nebulin) Tropomyosin Troponin (T, C, I) Cells Myoblast/Myocyte · Satellite cell Other Desmin · Sarcoplasm · Sarcolemma (T-tubule) · Sarcoplasmic reticulum Smooth muscle Calmodulin · Vascular bland muscle Other/ ungrouped Myotilin · Telethonin · Dysferlin · Fukutin · Fukutin-related protein M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the head (TA A04.1, GA 4.378) Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI) oblique (inferior, superior) · rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) · levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal) Mastication (CN V3) masseter · temporalis (sphenomandibularis) · pterygoid (lateral, medial) fascia: Masseteric fascia · Temporal fascia Facial (CN VII) Ear auricular (anterior, superior, posterior) · temporoparietalis Scalp/eyelid occipitofrontalis (occipitalis, frontalis) · orbicularis oculi (depressor supercilii) · corrugator supercilii fascia: Galea aponeurotica Nose procerus · nasalis (dilatator naris) · depressor septi nasi  · levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Mouth levator anguli oris · levator labii superioris · zygomaticus (major, minor) orbicularis oris · risorius · buccinator depressor anguli oris · depressor labii inferioris · mentalis Palate/fauces (CN IX, X, XI) (except TVP=V3) veli palatini (tensor, levator) · musculus uvulae · palatopharyngeus (to pharynx) · palatoglossus (to tongue) Tongue (CN XII) extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus) · intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical) M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the neck (TA A04.2, GA 4.387) Cervical CN VII (superficial, PC): platysma CN XI (deep): sternocleidomastoid C1-C6 (anterior): Prevertebral muscles: longus (capitis, colli) C3-C8 (lateral): scalene (anterior, medius, posterior) Suboccipital C1: rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) · obliquus capitis (inferior, superior) C1-C6 (anterior): Prevertebral muscles: rectus capitis (anterior, lateralis) Suprahyoid CN V3 (medial): mylohyoid · anterior belly of digastric CN VII (lateral): stylohyoid · posterior belly of digastric C1 (deep): geniohyoid Infrahyoid/strap C1: thyrohyoid C1-C3: sternohyoid  · sternothyroid · omohyoid Fasciae Deep cervical fascia (Pretracheal fascia, Prevertebral fascia, Investing layer) · Carotid sheath · Alar fascia pharynx: Buccopharyngeal fascia · Pharyngobasilar fascia Palatine aponeurosis Pharyngeal raphe Pharynx pharyngeal constrictor (superior, middle, inferior) · longitudinal (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus) Larynx cricothyroid · cricoarytenoid (posterior, lateral) · arytenoid (oblique arytenoid/aryepiglottic, transverse arytenoid) · thyroarytenoid (vocal, thyroepiglottic) M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e List of muscles of thorax and back (TA A04.3-4, GA 4.397) Back splenius (capitis, cervicis) · erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) · latissimus dorsi transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) · interspinales · intertransversarii Vertebral column: trapezius · latissimus dorsi · rhomboid (major, minor) · levator scapulae fascia: Thoracolumbar fascia Thorax intercostales (external, internal, innermost) · subcostales · transversus thoracis · levatores costarum · serratus posterior (inferior, superior) · diaphragm Thoracic cavity: pectoralis major · pectoralis minor · subclavius · serratus anterior fascia: Pectoral fascia · Clavipectoral fascia M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e List of muscles of abdominopelvic cavity (TA A04.5, GA 4.408) Abdomen/ wall Anterior/ lateral Muscle Abdominal alien oblique · Transversus abdominis/Conjoint tendon · Rectus sheath (rectus abdominis, pyramidalis) · Arcuate line · Tendinous intersection Cremaster · Abdominal centralized oblique Fascia Fascia/abdominal fascia: panniculus adiposus (Fascia of Camper) · stratum membranosum (Fascia of Scarpa) · Transversalis fascia (Interfoveolar ligament) Linea alba · Linea semilunaris · Inguinal triangle Inguinal canal (Deep inguinal ring, Superficial inguinal ring, Intercrural fibers, Crura of apparent inguinal ring) Inguinal ligament (Pectineal ligament, Lacunar ligament, Reflected ligament) Posterior Muscle quadratus lumborum · psoas major/psoas minor · iliacus Fascia iliopsoas fascia (Iliac fascia/Iliopectineal arch) Pelvis Muscle levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) · coccygeus Fascia fascia/pelvic fascia belly (Rectovaginal fascia, Rectoprostatic fascia) · parietal (Obturator fascia/Tendinous arch, Piriformis fascia) floor/diaphragm: Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm (Pubovesical ligament, Puboprostatic ligament) · Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm Anococcygeal body M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e List of muscles of upper limbs (TA A04.6, GA 4.432) Shoulder deltoid · rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) · teres major fascia: Deltoid fascia · Supraspinous fascia · Infraspinous fascia Arm (compartments) Anterior coracobrachialis · biceps brachii · brachialis Posterior triceps brachii · anconeus · Articularis cubiti Fascia Axillary sheath · Axillary fascia · Brachial fascia · intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial) Other spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval) Forearm Anterior superficial: pronator teres · palmaris longus · flexor carpi radialis · flexor carpi ulnaris · flexor digitorum superficialis deep: pronator quadratus · flexor digitorum profundus · flexor pollicis longus Posterior superficial: mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) · extensor digitorum · extensor digiti minimi · extensor carpi ulnaris deep: supinator · anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) · extensor indicis Fascia Bicipital aponeurosis · common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) · Antebrachial fascia Other Cubital tunnel Hand Lateral volar thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) · adductor pollicis Medial volar hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi) · palmaris brevis Intermediate lumbrical · interossei (dorsal, palmar) Fascia posterior: Extensor retinaculum · Extensor expansion anterior: Flexor retinaculum · Palmar aponeurosis M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v • d • e List of muscles of lower limbs (TA A04.7, GA 4.465) ILIAC Region / ILIOPSOAS psoas major/psoas minor · iliacus BUTTOCKS gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) · tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group: quadratus femoris · inferior gemellus · obturator internus · superior gemellus · piriformis THIGH / compartments Anterior sartorius · quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) · articularis genu Posterior/hamstring biceps femoris · semitendinosus · semimembranosus Medial pectineus · obturator externus · gracilis · adductor (longus, brevis, magnus, minimus) Fascia Femoral sheath (Femoral canal) · Femoral ring Adductor canal · Adductor hiatus fascia lata (Iliotibial tract, Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh, Medial intermuscular septum of thigh, Fascia cribrosa/Saphenous opening) · Muscular lacuna LEG/ Crus/ compartments Anterior tibialis anterior · extensor hallucis longus · extensor digitorum longus · peroneus tertius Posterior superficial · triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus, accessory soleus, Achilles tendon) · plantaris deep · tarsal tunnel (flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior) · popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles (longus, brevis) Fascia Pes anserinus crural fascia (Anterior crural intermuscular septum, Posterior crural intermuscular septum, Transverse intermuscular septum) FOOT Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis · extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) · 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) · 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis) · 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei) Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula (Peroneal, Inferior extensor, Superior extensor, Flexor) M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)