Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers all-important substances to the body's cells – such as nutrients and oxygen – and transports waste articles abroad from those aforementioned cells.

In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells abeyant in a liquid alleged blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of claret fluid, is mostly baptize (90% by volume),¹ and contains attenuated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma getting the capital boilerplate for excretory artefact transportation), platelets and claret beef themselves. The claret beef present in claret are mainly red claret cells (also alleged RBCs or erythrocytes) and white claret cells, including leukocytes and platelets. The a lot of abounding beef in bearcat claret are red claret cells. These accommodate hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates busline of oxygen by reversibly bounden to this respiratory gas and abundantly accretion its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is about absolutely transported extracellularly attenuated in claret as bicarbonate ion.

Vertebrate claret is ablaze red if its claret is oxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks, use hemocyanin to backpack oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some molluscs use a aqueous alleged hemolymph instead of blood, the aberration getting that hemolymph is not independent in a bankrupt circulatory system. In a lot of insects, this "blood" does not accommodate oxygen-carrying molecules such as claret because their bodies are baby abundant for their tracheal system to answer for bartering oxygen.

Jawed vertebrates acquire an adaptive allowed system, based abundantly on white claret cells. White claret beef advice to abide infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the clotting of blood.² Arthropods, application hemolymph, acquire hemocytes as allotment of their immune system.

Blood is broadcast about the physique through blood vessels by the pumping activity of the heart. In animals with lungs, arterial claret carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous claret carries carbon dioxide, a decay artefact of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.

Medical agreement accompanying to claret about activate with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-) from the Ancient Greek chat αἷμα (haima) for "blood". In agreement of anatomy and histology, claret is advised a specialized anatomy of connective tissue, accustomed its agent in the basal and the attendance of abeyant atomic fibers in the anatomy of fibrinogen.

Contents 1 Functions 2 Constituents of beastly blood 2.1 Cells 2.2 Plasma 2.3 Narrow ambit of pH values 2.4 Blood in non-human vertebrates 3 Physiology 3.1 Cardiovascular system 3.2 Production and abasement of claret cells 3.3 Oxygen transport 3.4 Carbon dioxide transport 3.5 Transport of hydrogen ions 3.6 Lymphatic system 3.7 Thermoregulation 3.8 Hydraulic functions 3.9 Invertebrates 4 Color 4.1 Hemoglobin 4.2 Hemocyanin 5 Pathology 5.1 General medical disorders 5.2 Hematological disorders 5.3 Carbon monoxide poisoning 6 Medical treatments 6.1 Blood products 6.2 Intravenous administration 6.3 Bloodletting 7 History 7.1 Classical Greek medicine 7.2 Hippocratic medicine 8 Cultural and religious beliefs 8.1 Indigenous Australians 8.2 Indo-European paganism 8.3 Judaism 8.4 Christianity 8.5 Islam 8.6 Jehovah's Witnesses 8.7 Chinese and Japanese culture 8.8 Blood libel 8.9 Vampire legends 9 Applications 9.1 In the activated sciences 9.2 In art 9.3 In ancestor & ancestors history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Functions

Blood performs abounding important functions aural the physique including:

• Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is agitated in red cells)
• Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the claret or apprenticed to plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids)
• Removal of decay such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
• Immunological functions, including apportionment of white claret cells, and apprehension of adopted actual by antibodies
• Coagulation, which is one allotment of the body's self-repair apparatus (the act of claret array if one gets cut to stop the bleeding.)
• Messenger functions, including the carriage of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage
• Regulation of physique pH
• Regulation of amount body temperature
• Hydraulic functions

Constituents of beastly blood

Blood accounts for 8% of the beastly physique weight,³ with an boilerplate physique of about 1060 kg/m³, actual abutting to authentic water's physique of 1000 kg/m³.⁴ The boilerplate developed has a blood volume of about 5 liters (1.3 gal), composed of claret and several kinds of beef (occasionally alleged corpuscles); these formed elements of the claret are erythrocytes (red claret cells), leukocytes (white claret cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red claret beef aggregate about 45% of accomplished blood, the claret about 54.3%, and white beef about 0.7%.

Whole claret (plasma and cells) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics; its breeze backdrop are acclimatized to breeze finer through tiny capillary claret argosy with beneath attrition than claret by itself. In addition, if all beastly claret were chargeless in the claret rather than getting independent in RBCs, the circulatory aqueous would be too adhesive for the cardiovascular arrangement to activity effectively.

Cells

One microliter of claret contains:

• 4.7 to 6.1 actor (male), 4.2 to 5.4 actor (female) erythrocytes:⁵ In a lot of mammals, complete red claret beef abridgement a nucleus and organelles. They accommodate the blood's hemoglobin and bear oxygen. The red claret beef (together with endothelial barge beef and added cells) are aswell apparent by glycoproteins that ascertain the altered blood types. The admeasurement of claret active by red claret beef is referred to as the hematocrit, and is frequently about 45%. The accumulated apparent breadth of all red claret beef of the beastly physique would be about 2,000 times as abundant as the body's exoteric surface.⁶
• 4,000–11,000 leukocytes:⁷ White claret beef are allotment of the immune system; they abort and abolish old or abnormal beef and cellular debris, as able-bodied as advance communicable agents (pathogens) and adopted substances. The blight of leukocytes is alleged leukemia.
• 200,000–500,000 thrombocytes:⁷ thrombocytes, aswell alleged platelets, are amenable for claret array (coagulation). They change fibrinogen into fibrin. This fibrin creates a cobweb assimilate which red claret beef aggregate and clot, which afresh stops added claret from abrogation the physique and aswell helps to anticipate bacilli from entering the body.

Constitution of accustomed blood

Parameter	Value
Hematocrit	45 ± 7 (38–52%) for males 42 ± 5 (37–47%) for females
pH	7.35–7.45
base excess	−3 to +3
PO2	10–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg)
PCO2	4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg)
HCO3−	21–27 mM
Oxygen saturation	Oxygenated: 98–99% Deoxygenated: 75%

Plasma

About 55% of accomplished claret is blood plasma, a aqueous that is the blood's aqueous medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The claret claret aggregate totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an boilerplate human. It is about an aqueous band-aid absolute 92% water, 8% claret claret proteins, and trace amounts of added materials. Claret circulates attenuated nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the claret or apprenticed to claret proteins), and removes decay products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.

Other important components include:

• Serum albumin
• Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate coagulation)
• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
• lipoprotein particles
• Various added proteins
• Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chloride)

The appellation serum refers to claret from which the array proteins acquire been removed. A lot of of the proteins actual are albumin and immunoglobulins.

Narrow ambit of pH values

Blood pH is adapted to break aural the attenuated ambit of 7.35 to 7.45, authoritative it hardly alkaline.⁸⁹ Claret that has a pH beneath 7.35 is too acidic, admitting claret pH aloft 7.45 is too alkaline. Claret pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂), fractional burden of carbon dioxide (pCO₂), and HCO₃ are anxiously adapted by a amount of homeostatic mechanisms, which administer their access principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system in adjustment to ascendancy the acid-base balance and respiration. An arterial claret gas will admeasurement these. Claret aswell circulates hormones transmitting their letters to assorted tissues. The account of accustomed reference ranges for assorted claret electrolytes is extensive.

Bones are abnormally afflicted by claret pH as they tend to be acclimated as a mineral antecedent for pH buffering. Arresting a top arrangement of beastly protein to vegetable protein is active in cartilage accident in women.¹⁰

Blood in non-human vertebrates

Human claret is archetypal of that of mammals, although the absolute data apropos corpuscle numbers, size, protein structure, and so on, alter somewhat amid species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences:¹¹

• Red claret beef of non-mammalian vertebrates are bedfast and egg-shaped in form, and absorb their corpuscle nuclei
• There is ample aberration in the types and accommodation of white claret cells; for example, acidophils are about added accepted than in humans
• Platelets are altered to mammals; in added vertebrates, small, nucleated, arbor beef are amenable for claret array instead

Physiology

Cardiovascular system

Blood is broadcast about the physique through blood vessels by the pumping activity of the heart. In humans, claret is pumped from the able left ventricle of the affection through arteries to borderline tissues and allotment to the appropriate atrium of the affection through veins. It afresh enters the appropriate ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and allotment to the larboard atrium through the pulmonary veins. Claret afresh enters the larboard ventricle to be broadcast again. Arterial claret carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the beef of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a decay artefact of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one barring includes pulmonary arteries, which accommodate the a lot of deoxygenated claret in the body, while the pulmonary veins accommodate oxygenated blood.

Additional acknowledgment breeze may be generated by the movement of skeletal muscles, which can abbreviate veins and advance claret through the valves in veins adjoin the right atrium.

The claret apportionment was abundantly declared by William Harvey in 1628.¹²

Production and abasement of claret cells

In vertebrates, the assorted beef of claret are fabricated in the bone marrow in a activity alleged hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the assembly of red claret cells; and myelopoiesis, the assembly of white claret beef and platelets. During childhood, about every beastly cartilage produces red claret cells; as adults, red claret corpuscle assembly is bound to the beyond bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the basal of the top accoutrements and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, begin in the mediastinum, is an important antecedent of lymphocytes.¹³ The proteinaceous basal of claret (including array proteins) is produced predominantly by the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the adulterated atom is adapted by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney.

Healthy erythrocytes acquire a claret activity of about 120 canicule afore they are base by the spleen, and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The alarmist aswell clears some proteins, lipids, and amino acids. The branch actively secretes decay articles into the urine.

Oxygen transport

About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial claret in a advantageous beastly breath air at sea-level burden is chemically accumulated with the Hgb. About 1.5% is physically attenuated in the added claret liquids and not affiliated to Hgb. The hemoglobin atom is the primary agent of oxygen in mammals and abounding added breed (for exceptions, see below). Claret has an oxygen bounden accommodation of amid 1.36 and 1.37 ml O₂ per gram Hemoglobin,¹⁴ which increases the absolute blood oxygen capacity seventyfold,¹⁵ compared to if oxygen alone was agitated by its solubility of 0.03 mL O₂ per liter claret per mmHg partial pressure of oxygen (approximately 100 mmHg in arteries).¹⁵

With the barring of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their agnate veins, arteries backpack oxygenated claret abroad from the heart and bear it to the physique via arterioles and capillaries, area the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules, and veins backpack deoxygenated claret aback to the heart.

Under accustomed altitude in bodies at rest, claret in claret abrogation the lungs is about 98–99% saturated with oxygen. In a advantageous developed at rest, deoxygenated claret abiding to the lungs is still about 75% saturated.¹⁶¹⁷ Increased oxygen afire during abiding exercise reduces the oxygen assimilation of venous blood, which can ability beneath than 15% in a accomplished athlete; although breath amount and claret breeze access to compensate, oxygen assimilation in arterial claret can bead to 95% or beneath beneath these conditions.¹⁸ Oxygen assimilation this low is advised alarming in an alone at blow (for instance, during anaplasty beneath anesthesia. Abiding hypoxia (oxygenation of beneath than 90%), is alarming to health, and astringent hypoxia (saturations of beneath than 30%) may be rapidly fatal.¹⁹

A fetus, accepting oxygen via the placenta, is apparent to abundant lower oxygen pressures (about 21% of the affiliated begin in an adult's lungs), and, so, fetuses aftermath addition anatomy of claret with a abundant college affection for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in adjustment to activity beneath these conditions.²⁰

Carbon dioxide transport

When claret flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is attenuated in the blood. A allotment of CO₂ reacts with claret and added proteins to anatomy carbamino compounds. The actual carbon dioxide is adapted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions through the activity of RBC carbonic anhydrase. A lot of carbon dioxide is transported through the claret in the anatomy of bicarbonate ions.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), the capital cellular decay product is agitated in claret mainly attenuated in plasma, in calm with bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). 86–90% of CO₂ in the physique is adapted into carbonic acid, which can bound about-face into bicarbonate, the actinic calm getting important in the pH buffering of plasma.²¹ Claret pH is kept in a attenuated ambit (pH amid 7.35 and 7.45).⁹

Transport of hydrogen ions

Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds a lot of of the hydrogen ions as it has a abundant greater affection for added hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin.

Lymphatic system

In mammals, claret is in calm with lymph, which is continuously formed in tissues from claret by capillary ultrafiltration. Lymph is calm by a arrangement of baby aqueous argosy and directed to the thoracic duct, which drains into the larboard subclavian vein area lymph rejoins the systemic claret circulation.

Thermoregulation

Blood apportionment transports heat throughout the body, and adjustments to this breeze are an important allotment of thermoregulation. Accretion claret breeze to the apparent (e.g., during balmy acclimate or arduous exercise) causes warmer skin, consistent in faster calefaction loss. In contrast, if the alien temperature is low, claret breeze to the extremities and apparent of the derma is bargain and to anticipate calefaction accident and is broadcast to the important organs of the body, preferentially.

Hydraulic functions

The brake of claret breeze can aswell be acclimated in specialized tissues to could could could could could could could could cause engorgement, consistent in an erection of that tissue; examples are the erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris.

Another archetype of a hydraulic activity is the jumping spider, in which claret affected into the legs beneath burden causes them to align for a able jump, afterwards the charge for beefy able-bodied legs.²²

Invertebrates

In insects, the claret (more appropriately alleged hemolymph) is not complex in the carriage of oxygen. (Openings alleged tracheae acquiesce oxygen from the air to broadcast anon to the tissues). Insect claret moves nutrients to the tissues and removes decay articles in an accessible system.

Other invertebrates use respiratory proteins to access the oxygen-carrying capacity. Claret is the a lot of accepted respiratory protein begin in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is begin in crustaceans and mollusks. It is anticipation that tunicates (sea squirts) ability use vanabins (proteins absolute vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright-green, blue, or orange).

In abounding invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are advisedly acrid in the blood; in vertebrates they are independent in specialized red claret cells, acceptance for a college absorption of respiratory pigments afterwards accretion viscosity or damaging claret clarification organs like the kidneys.

Giant tube worms acquire abnormal hemoglobins that acquiesce them to reside in amazing environments. These hemoglobins aswell backpack sulfides frequently baleful in added animals.

Color

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the arch account of the blush of claret in vertebrates. Each atom has four heme groups, and their alternation with assorted molecules alters the exact color. In vertebrates and added hemoglobin-using creatures, arterial claret and capillary claret are ablaze red, as oxygen imparts a able red blush to the heme group. Deoxygenated claret is a darker adumbration of red; this is present in veins, and can be apparent during blood donation and if venous claret samples are taken. Claret in carbon monoxide poisoning is ablaze red, because carbon monoxide causes the accumulation of carboxyhemoglobin. In cyanide poisoning, the physique cannot advance oxygen, so the venous claret charcoal oxygenated, accretion the redness. While hemoglobin-containing claret is never blue, there are several altitude and diseases wherein the blush of the heme groups accomplish the derma arise blue. If the heme is oxidized, methaemoglobin, which is added brownish and cannot carriage oxygen, is formed. In the attenuate activity sulfhemoglobinemia, arterial claret is partially oxygenated, and appears aphotic red with a bluish hue (cyanosis).

Veins in the derma arise dejected for a array of affidavit alone abominably abased on the blush of the blood. Light drop in the skin, and the beheld processing of blush play roles as well.²³

Skinks in the brand Prasinohaema acquire blooming claret due to a accretion of the decay artefact biliverdin.²⁴

Hemocyanin

The claret of a lot of mollusks – including cephalopods and gastropods – as able-bodied as some arthropods, such as horseshoe crabs, is blue, as it contains the copper-containing protein hemocyanin at concentrations of about 50 grams per liter.²⁵ Hemocyanin is achromatic if deoxygenated and aphotic dejected if oxygenated. The claret in the apportionment of these creatures, which about reside in algid environments with low oxygen tensions, is grey-white to anemic yellow,²⁵ and it turns aphotic dejected if apparent to the oxygen in the air, as apparent if they bleed.²⁵ This is due to change in blush of hemocyanin if it is oxidized.²⁵ Hemocyanin carries oxygen in extracellular fluid, which is in adverse to the intracellular oxygen carriage in mammals by claret in RBCs.²⁵

Pathology

General medical disorders

• Disorders of volume
  • Injury can could could could could could could could could cause claret accident through bleeding.²⁶ A advantageous developed can lose about 20% of claret aggregate (1 L) afore the aboriginal symptom, restlessness, begins, and 40% of aggregate (2 L) afore shock sets in. Thrombocytes are important for claret coagulation and the accumulation of claret clots, which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the centralized organs or basal can could could could could could could could could cause internal bleeding, which can sometimes be severe.
  • Dehydration can abate the claret aggregate by abbreviation the baptize agreeable of the blood. This would rarely aftereffect in shock (apart from the actual astringent cases) but may aftereffect in orthostatic hypotension and fainting.
• Disorders of circulation
  • Shock is the abortive perfusion of tissues, and can be acquired by a array of altitude including claret loss, infection, poor cardiac output.
  • Atherosclerosis reduces the breeze of claret through arteries, because atheroma curve arteries and anchorage them. Atheroma tends to access with age, and its progression can be circuitous by abounding causes including smoking, high claret pressure, balance circulating lipids (hyperlipidemia), and diabetes mellitus.
  • Coagulation can anatomy a thrombosis, which can arrest vessels.
  • Problems with claret composition, the pumping activity of the heart, or absorption of claret argosy can acquire abounding after-effects including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The appellation ischemia refers to tissue that is clumsily perfused with blood, and infarction refers to tissue afterlife (necrosis), which can activity if the claret accumulation has been blocked (or is actual inadequate).

Hematological disorders

• Anemia
  • Insufficient red corpuscle accumulation (anemia) can be the aftereffect of bleeding, claret disorders like thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies; and may crave blood transfusion. Several countries acquire blood banks to ample the appeal for transfusable blood. A getting accepting a claret admixture acquire to acquire a blood type accordant with that of the donor.
  • Sickle-cell anemia

• Disorders of corpuscle proliferation
  • Leukemia is a accumulation of cancers of the blood-forming tissues.
  • Non-cancerous overproduction of red beef (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis) may be premalignant.
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes absorb abortive assembly of one or added corpuscle lines.

• Disorders of coagulation
  • Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can acquiesce contrarily inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but added frequently after-effects in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into collective spaces, which can be crippling.
  • Ineffective or bereft platelets can aswell aftereffect in coagulopathy (bleeding disorders).
  • Hypercoagulable accompaniment (thrombophilia) after-effects from defects in adjustment of platelet or array agency function, and can could could could could could could could could cause thrombosis.

• Infectious disorders of blood
  • Blood is an important agent of infection. HIV, the virus, which causes AIDS, is transmitted through acquaintance with blood, berry or added physique secretions of an adulterated person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through claret contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, blood-soaked altar are advised as a biohazard.
  • Bacterial infection of the claret is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne abject infections.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Substances added than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can could could could could could could could could cause irreversible accident to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is acutely alarming if agitated to the claret via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to claret to anatomy carboxyhemoglobin, so that beneath claret is chargeless to bind oxygen, and beneath oxygen can be transported in the blood. This can could could could could could could could could cause suffocation insidiously. A blaze afire in an amid allowance with poor blast presents a actual alarming hazard, back it can actualize a accession of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to claret if smoker tobacco.^{citation needed}

Medical treatments

Blood products

Blood for admixture is acquired from beastly donors by blood donation and stored in a blood bank. There are abounding altered blood types in humans, the ABO claret accumulation system, and the Rhesus claret accumulation system getting the a lot of important. Admixture of claret of an adverse claret accumulation may could could could could could could could could cause severe, about fatal, complications, so crossmatching is done to ensure that a accordant claret artefact is transfused.

Other claret articles administered intravenously are platelets, claret plasma, cryoprecipitate, and specific agglomeration agency concentrates.

Intravenous administration

Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or abundantly captivated by the digestive tract.

After astringent astute claret loss, aqueous preparations, generically accepted as claret expanders, can be accustomed intravenously, either solutions of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂ etc...) at physiological concentrations, or colloidal solutions, such as dextrans, human serum albumin, or beginning arctic plasma. In these emergency situations, a claret expander is a added able life-saving activity than a claret transfusion, because the metabolism of alloyed red claret beef does not restart anon afterwards a transfusion.

Bloodletting

In avant-garde evidence-based medicine, bloodletting is acclimated in administration of a few attenuate diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia. However, bloodletting and leeching were accepted unvalidated interventions acclimated until the 19th century, as abounding diseases were afield anticipation to be due to an balance of blood, according to Hippocratic medicine.

History

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the chat "blood" originated afore the 12th century. The chat is acquired from Middle English, which is acquired from the Old English chat blôd, which is affiliated to the Old Top German chat bluot, acceptation blood. The avant-garde German chat is (das) Blut.

Classical Greek medicine

In classical Greek medicine, claret was associated with air, with Springtime, and with a amusing and abominable (sanguine) personality. It was aswell believed to be produced alone by the liver.

Hippocratic medicine

In Hippocratic medicine, claret was advised to be one of the four humors, the others getting phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Cultural and religious beliefs

Due to its accent to life, claret is associated with a ample amount of beliefs. One of the a lot of basal is the use of claret as a attribute for ancestors relationships through birth/parentage; to be "related by blood" is to be accompanying by ancestor or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears carefully to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as able-bodied as "Blood brother". Claret is accustomed accurate accent in the Jewish and Christian religions because Leviticus 17:11 says "the activity of a beastly is in the blood." This byword is allotment of the Levitical law abhorrent the bubbler of claret or bistro meat with the claret still complete instead of getting caked off.

Mythic references to claret can sometimes be affiliated to the life-giving attributes of blood, apparent in such contest as childbirth, as assorted with the claret of abrasion or death.

Indigenous Australians

In abounding indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples' traditions, ochre (particularly red) and blood, both top in iron agreeable and advised Maban, are activated to the bodies of dancers for ritual. As Lawlor states:

In abounding Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red amber is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers. In secret, angelic macho ceremonies, claret extracted from the veins of the participant's accoutrements is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies. Red amber is acclimated in agnate agency in less-secret ceremonies. Claret is aswell acclimated to adhere the accoutrement of birds assimilate people's bodies. Bird accoutrement accommodate a protein that is awful magnetically sensitive.²⁷

Lawlor comments that claret active in this appearance is captivated by these peoples to acclimatize the dancers to the airy active branch of the Dreamtime. Lawlor afresh connects these airy active realms and magnetic fields, because adamant is magnetic.

Indo-European paganism

Among the Germanic tribes (such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norsemen), claret was acclimated during their sacrifices; the Blóts. The claret was advised to acquire the ability of its originator, and, afterwards the butchering, the claret was brindled on the walls, on the statues of the gods, and on the participants themselves. This act of admixture claret was alleged bleodsian in Old English, and the analogue was adopted by the Roman Catholic Church acceptable to bless and blessing. The Hittite chat for blood, ishar was a affiliated to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara. The Ancient Greeks believed that the claret of the gods, ichor, was a mineral that was poisonous to mortals.

Judaism

In Judaism, claret cannot be captivated even in the aboriginal abundance (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Claret is purged from meat by salting and assimilation in water.

Another ritual involving claret involves the accoutrement of the claret of fowl and game afterwards slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the acumen accustomed by the Torah is: "Because the activity of the beastly is [in] its blood" (ibid 17:14).

Also if a getting of the accepted Jewish acceptance suffers a agitated death, religious laws adjustment the accumulating of their claret for burying with them.

Christianity

Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Assyrian Church of the East advise that, if consecrated, the Eucharistic wine actually becomes the claret of Jesus. Thus in the adored wine, Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is abiding in the Last Supper, as accounting in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus declared to his disciples that the aliment that they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. "This cup is the new attestation in my blood, which is afford for you." (Luke 22:20).

Various forms of Protestantism, abnormally those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, advise that the wine is no added than a attribute of the claret of Christ, who is spiritually but not physically present. Lutheran canon teaches that the physique and claret is present calm "in, with, and under" the aliment and wine of the Eucharistic feast.

Christ's claret is aswell apparent as the agency for atonement for sins for Christians.

At the Council of Jerusalem, the apostles banned Christians from arresting blood, apparently because this was a command accustomed to Noah (Genesis 9:4, see Noahide Law). This command connected to be empiric by the Eastern Orthodox.

Islam

Consumption of aliment absolute claret is banned by Islamic comestible laws. This is acquired from the account in the Qur'an, sura Al-Ma'ida (5:3): "Forbidden to you (for food) are: asleep meat, blood, the beef of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of added than Allah."

Blood is advised as barn and in Islam cleanliness is allotment of the faith, appropriately there are specific methods to access concrete and ritual cachet of cleanliness already bleeding has occurred. Specific rules and prohibitions administer to menstruation, postnatal bleeding and aberrant vaginal bleeding.

Jehovah's Witnesses

Based on their estimation of scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep abstaining...from blood."), Jehovah's Witnesses neither absorb claret nor acquire transfusions of accomplished claret or its above components: red claret cells, white claret cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. Members may alone adjudge whether they will acquire medical procedures that absorb their own claret or substances that are added fractionated from the four above components.²⁸

Chinese and Japanese culture

In Chinese accepted culture, it is about said that, if a man's adenoids produces a baby breeze of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing beastly desire. This about appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films as able-bodied as in Japanese ability parodied in anime and manga. Characters, mostly males, will about be apparent with a nosebleed if they acquire just apparent anyone nude or in little clothing, or if they acquire had an amative anticipation or fantasy; this is based on the abstraction that a male's claret burden will fasten badly if aroused.²⁹

Blood libel

Various religious and added groups acquire been falsely accused of application beastly claret in rituals; such accusations are accepted as blood libel. The a lot of accepted anatomy of this is blood aspersion adjoin Jews. Although there is no ritual involving beastly claret in Jewish law or custom, fabrications of this attributes (often involving the annihilation of children) were broadly acclimated during the Middle Ages to absolve Antisemitic persecution.

Vampire legends

Vampires are allegorical creatures that alcohol claret anon for sustenance, usually with a alternative for beastly blood. Cultures all over the apple acquire belief of this kind; for archetype the 'Nosferatu' legend, a beastly who achieves damnation and aeon by bubbler the claret of others, originates from Eastern European folklore. Ticks, leeches, changeable mosquitoes, vampire bats, and an array of added accustomed creatures do alcohol blood, but alone bats are associated with vampires. This has no affiliation to vampire bats, which are new world creatures apparent able-bodied afterwards the origins of the European myths.

Applications

In the activated sciences

Blood residue can advice forensic board analyze weapons, reconstruct a bent action, and hotlink suspects to the crime. Through bloodstain arrangement analysis, argumentative advice can aswell be acquired from the spatial administration of bloodstains.

Blood balance assay is aswell a address acclimated in archeology.

In art

Blood is one of the physique fluids that has been acclimated in art.³⁰ In particular, the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, and Kira O' Reilly, forth with the photography of Andres Serrano, acquire congenital claret as a arresting beheld element. Marc Quinn has fabricated sculptures application arctic blood, including a casting of his own arch fabricated application his own blood.

In ancestor & ancestors history

The term, blood, is acclimated in genealogical circles to accredit to one's ancestry, origins, and ethnic background, as in the word, bloodline. Added agreement area claret is acclimated in a ancestors history faculty are blue-blood, royal blood, mixed-blood and blood relative.

See also

• Autotransfusion
• Blood as food: see black pudding and tiết canh
• Blood donation
• Blood pressure
• Blood substitutes ("Artificial blood")
• Blood test
• Hemophobia
• List of beastly claret components
• Taboo aliment and drink: Blood
• Oct-1-en-3-one ("Smell" of blood)

References

External links

Look up blood in Wiktionary, the chargeless dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media accompanying to: Blood

v • d • e Myeloid birth - Blood (WBC and RBC) Cellular/ HSCs Myeloid/ Myeloblast CFU-GEMM CFU-GM CFU-G: Granulocytes Band cell · Neutrophil CFU-M: Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes · Kupffer cells · Alveolar macrophage · Microglia · Osteoclasts · Epithelioid cells · giant cells (Langhans behemothic cells, Foreign-body behemothic cell, Touton behemothic cells) CFU-DL Dendritic cells  · Langerhans cell Common Myelomonocyte CFU-Baso Granulocytes (Basophil) CFU-Eos Granulocytes (Eosinophil) MEP CFU-Meg Megakaryoblast · Megakaryocyte · Platelets CFU-E Reticulocyte · Normoblast CFU-Mast Mast corpuscle precursors Noncellular Plasma M: MYL cell/phys (coag, heme, gran) rbmg/mogr/tumr, sysi/epon, btst drug (B1/2/3+5+6), btst

v • d • e Blood: Lymphocytes Lymphoid/ HSC:CFU-L B cells Plasma · Memory · Follicular · Marginal-zone · Naive · Pre-B Thymocyte T cells αβ (Cytotoxic CD8+, Helper CD4+ / Th3 / Th17 / Regulatory) · γδ · Natural Analgesic T cell NK cells Lymphokine-activated analgesic cell · Null cell M: LMC cell/phys/auag/auab imdf/ipig/hyps/tumr proc, drug(L3/4)

v • d • e Lymphatic system - Aqueous trunks and ducts (TA A12.4.01, GA 8.690) Path details ... Blood → Interstitial fluid → Lymph → Lymph capillary → Afferent lymph vessel (Lymph vessel) → Lymph node → Efferent lymph vessel (Lymph vessel) → Lymph trunk (Subclavian lymph trunk • Jugular lymph trunk  • Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk • Intestinal lymph trunk → Cisterna chyli • Lumbar lymph trunk → Cisterna chyli) → Lymph duct {Right aqueous duct and Thoracic duct (left side)} → Subclavian vein (right and left) → Blood ... Other concepts Lymphangion M: VAS anat(a:h,u,t,a,l,v:h,u,t,a,l)/phys/devp noco/syva/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug(C3,C4,C5,C9) M: LMO anat(h, u, t, a, l)/phys lydi/spdi/thdi/thtu/vatu proc

v • d • e Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis  (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis) · Blood transfusion · Coombs test (direct and indirect) · Cross-matching · Exchange transfusion · International Society of Blood Transfusion · Intraoperative blood salvage · ISBT 128 · Transfusion reactions Blood accumulation systems · Blood types ABO · Chido-Rodgers · Colton · Cromer · Diego · Dombrock · Duffy · Gerbich · GIL · Hh · Ii · Indian · JMH · Kell (Xk) · Kidd · Knops · LW · Lewis · Lutheran · MNS · OK · P · Raph · Rh and RHAG  · Scianna · T-Tn · Xg · Yt · Other Blood products Blood donation · Blood substitutes · Cryoprecipitate · Platelets · Plasma · Red claret cells · Whole blood · PF24 · Fresh arctic plasma · Cryosupernatant