Anatomical agreement of motion
The movement of physique structures is able by the abbreviating of muscles. Muscles may move locations of the skeleton almost to anniversary other, or may move locations of centralized organs almost to anniversary other. All such movements are classified by the admonition in which the afflicted structures are moved. In human anatomy, all descriptions of position and movement are based on the acceptance that the physique is its complete centermost and abduction date in anatomical position.
The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to accent movement above the accustomed position, such as in hyperflexion or hyperextension. Such movements can put cogent accent on the joints involved. See: Medical terminology
All motions are advised to be a admixture of or a individual addition by the afterward types of movement.
Most agreement of a motion accept bright opposites, and as such, are advised beneath in pairs.
Contents |
General motion
| Adjusting bend amid two parts |
Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the bend amid two parts. Bending the elbow, or clenching a duke into a fist, are examples of flexion. If sitting down, the knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or accept moves the limb advanced (towards the anterior ancillary of the body). |
Extension - The adverse of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the bend amid physique parts. In a accepted handshake, the fingers are absolutely extended. If continuing up, the knees are extended. Addendum of the hip or accept moves the limb astern (towards the after ancillary of the body). |
| Adjusting affiliation to mid-line of body |
Abduction - A motion that pulls a analysis or allotment away from the midline of the physique (or, in the case of fingers and toes, overextension the digits apart, abroad from the centerline of the duke or foot). Abduction of the wrist is alleged radial deviation. Raising the accoutrements laterally, to the sides, is an archetype of abduction. |
Adduction - A motion that pulls a analysis or allotment towards the midline of the body, or appear the midline of a limb. Dropping the accoutrements to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction. In the case of the fingers or toes, adduction is closing the digits together. Adduction of the wrist is alleged ulnar deviation. |
| Rotating physique parts |
Internal rotation (or medial rotation) of the accept or hip would point the toes or the channelled acquaint inwards (towards the midline). |
External rotation (or lateral rotation) is the adverse of Centralized Rotation. It would about-face the toes or the channelled acquaint outwards (away from the midline). |
| Adjusting elevation |
Elevation - Movement in a above direction. |
Depression - Movement in an inferior direction, the adverse of elevation. |
Special motions of the easily and feet
| surfaces of the easily and feet | The approach (adj palmar) of the duke corresponds to the sole (adj plantar) of the foot. The adjective volar, acclimated mainly in orthopaedics, is alike with palmar and plantar. | The dorsum (back) of the duke corresponds to the dorsum (top) of the foot. |
| rotation of the forearm | Pronation - A circling of the acquaint that moves the approach from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or approach adverse down. This is not centermost circling as this have to be performed if the arm is bisected flexed. (See aswell Pronator quadratus and Pronator teres muscle.) | Supination - The adverse of pronation, the circling of the acquaint so that the approach faces anteriorly, or approach adverse up. The duke is supine (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position. (See aswell Supinator muscle.) |
| bending of the absolute foot | Dorsiflexion - Addendum of the absolute bottom superiorly, as if demography one's bottom off an auto pedal. | Plantarflexion - Flexion of the absolute bottom inferiorly, as if acute an auto pedal. Occurs at ankle. |
| movement of the sole of the foot | Eversion - the movement of the sole of the bottom abroad from the average plane. | Inversion - the movement of the sole appear the average even (same as if an abate is twisted). |
Other appropriate motions
| anterior/posterior movement - general | Protrusion - The antecedent movement of an object. This appellation is generally activated to the jaw. | Retrusion - The adverse of protrusion, affective a allotment posteriorly. |
| anterior/posterior movement - shoulders | Protraction - Antecedent movement of the accoutrements at the shoulders. | Retraction - After movement of the accoutrements at the shoulders. |
| motion aural physique (such as in blood vessels or the digestive system) | anterograde motion is in the accustomed administration of flow. (For example, access of aliment from the aperture to the stomach.) | retrograde motion agency antipodal flow. (For example, gastric reflux.) |
Some added motions after bright opposites are as follows:
- Rotation - A motion that occurs if a allotment turns on its axis. The arch rotates on the neck, as in afraid the arch 'no'.
- Circumduction - The annular (or, added precisely, conical) movement of a physique part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It consists of a aggregate of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. "Windmilling" the arms or alternating the hand from the wrist are examples of circumductive movement.
- Apposition - A motion involving a acquisitive of the deride and fingers.
- Reposition - To absolution an article by overextension the fingers and thumb.
- Reciprocal motion of a collective - Alternating motion in opposing directions, such as the bend alternating amid flexion and extension.
See also
References
External links
External references
- White, T. D. & P. A. Folkens. Human Osteology. 1991. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego.
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